Our reverse osmosis water has pH 5.4-5.6, would it be right to add caustic solution to enhance pH of water to 6.9-7.4? You have a solution of $10\ \mathrm M$ $\ce{NaOH}$. $$1\times{10^{-4.5}} =\frac{0.1\times{10^{-3.7}}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times{10}}{0.1+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}$$ How much $\ce{NaOH}$ do … $$v(\ce{OH-})=\frac {10^{-4.7}-10^{-5.5}}{10}= 1.68\times10^{-6}\mathrm{L}=1.68\,\mu \mathrm{L} $$. Why did Denver Water do this? Use MathJax to format equations. $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-4.5}}~M}$$ Why do animal cells "mistake" rubidium ions for potassium ions? Amount of Soda Ash needed to raise pH to 7.4. 15 minutes. Aug 7, 2019 #1 Every once in a while I need to raise the pool's pH a little, but quickly. Since the molar mass of NaOH is 39.9971 grams per mole, this is equivalent to 0.0399971 grams of NaOH, or about 0.04 grams. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Also known simply as caustic, is the most widely used alkaline neutralizing chemical in use in industry today. 3 3/4 lbs. Add soda ash to your pool for the most effective way to raise pH and alkalinity. The reason is that NaOH hydrolyzes and dissolves the eye tissue. Sodium hydroxide is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. MathJax reference. Water treatment. When purchased in liquid form it is easily dispensed to raise pH values in a water system. Solutions of sodium bisulfate are acidic , with a 1M solution having a pH of around 1. Since the molar mass of NaOH is 39.9971 grams per mole, this is equivalent to 0.0399971 grams of NaOH, or about 0.04 grams. NaOH is available in concentrations of up to 50%, which is the most commonly used concentration. It only takes a minute to sign up. 6.8. Why would an air conditioning unit specify a maximum breaker size? Anaesthetic use. Yes No. Researchers Are Now Much Closer to Finding Out. Understanding the increase in pH of a buffer solution upon incremental additions of NaOH analytically, Photo Competition 2021-03-01: Straight out of camera. When added to water, liquid chlorine (which has a pH of 13) makes HOCl (hypochlorous acid – the killing form of chlorine) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide), which raises pH. $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-3.7}}~M}= [\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}$$ A woman who lives in the proposed test area for adding sodium hydroxide to drinking water in Thunder Bay, Ont., says she is against the move.. Liquid chlorine does not raise pH. Estate Planning 101: How to Probate a Will, The Differences Between “Defamation,” “Libel” and “Slander”. You can only make so much of the soda ash solution because you can only dissolve so much sodium carbonate in water. If this happens, sodium hydroxide added to the water can counter the problem. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is similar to baking soda and can be used when your pool’s pH levels are low. How to explain the gap in my resume due to cancer? One nice thing about it is once you get it set up it’s very easy to check. Application of limiting reagents and acid-base stoichiometry. Magnesium hydroxide - effective but also has solubility issues; Sodium carbonate - much more soluble, but can be "too strong" a base; Sodium bicarbonate - soluble, tends to max out pH at 8.3 - so low overdosing potential. 25,000 gallons. 1) I need to calculate the amount of NaOH (pH = 13.0) needed to raise the pH of a 3402 m3/minute wastewater flow from a pH of 4.3 to: a) a pH of 6.0 This will give you the volume of NaOH that needs to be added to your waste water each minute. A 100 ml $\ce{HCl}$ solution has a pH of $3.7$. To substitute baking powder for baking soda, simply use three times the amount of baking powder as you would baking soda. Mix the calcium hydroxide with purified water, either RO water or distilled, before adding it. For example, let’s say the pH in your pool measured 7.0 and you have a 20,000 gallon pool. 3 lbs. Lesson 2 Appendix of Common Chemicals Used in Public Water System Treatment 2 3. What happens to rank-and-file law-enforcement after major regime change. To raise pH, sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), and sodium sesquicarbonate are recommended. The addition rate of sodium hydroxide is regulated so that the temperture of the reaction mixture does not exceed about 40°C. Add soda ash to your pool for the most effective way to raise pH and alkalinity. Thirty-two patients with deep … The correct choice all stems from how much adjustment is required. 200 patients with suspected caustic ingestation were examined 40). A concentrated sodium hydroxide solution in water (about 50% by weight NaOH) is slowly added to the stirred reaction vessel to raise the pH to in the range of about 2.5 to 3.0. This inorganic compound also is used to make soap and paper. The liquid will be in a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide and this product is a strong base that should be handled with caution. Use 12 ounces (340 g) of soda ash for every 10,000 gallons (38,000 L) in your pool to raise the pH by 0.4. 50,000 gallons. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour. Cite. Carefully add soda ash. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Unlike neutralizing filters, they do not cause hardness problems in treated water. 0.926 lbs. 3. Given this, mag has little or no effect on water alkalinity above a pH of 7.0. 1 lbs. My water ph is around 7 - 7.5 so don't need to ph up, but when nutes are added my ph drops to around 5.9 so would'nt mind giving it a go. Raising pH is usually done using sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) (NaOH). Active 5 months ago. The hacker changed the sodium hydroxide … Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How do I find the ratio of the reaction of the residue and HCl? At the beginning, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: If you try to put too much in, it just ends up dropping off like a sludge in the bottom of the tank. If your soil has a ph of 5 and an alkaline soil loving plant will be planted there you need to learn how to raise pH in soil fast. Sodium hydroxide is easy to handle, inexpensive, and very effective for the neutralization of strong or weak acids. This raises the sodium content of the water. To make 1 N solution, dissolve 40.00 g of sodium hydroxide in water to make volume 1 liter. Water treatment. To Increase pH. The ability to increase pH is a crucial need for desalination pretreatment (especially in reverse osmosis) and for other industries, but processes used to raise pH often incur significant emissions and nonrenewable resource use. pH range is ideal between 7.2 and 7.6. 3 1/4 lbs . The pOH of a solution at room temperature is given by the concentration of hydroxide ions, or OH- ions, in the solution. Sodium hydroxide is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. How Much Water and NaOH Is Needed to Make a PH of 11.0? Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and sodium hydroxide raise the pH of water to near neutral when injected into a water system. After this I calculated the $\left[\ce{HCl}\right]$ of the new solution: $10^{-4.5}=3.16\times10^{-6}\ \mathrm{mol}$ $\ce{HCl}$ per $100\ \mathrm{ml}$ of new solution. 7.0. Dissolve 282.8 g of sodium hydroxide (=7.07 moles of sodium hydroxide to match the 3.535 moles of sodium carbonate in alkalinity) plus 68.7 g of sodium sulfate in enough water to make a total volume of one gallon. Silver Supporter. Here are some helpful facts about Soda Ash injection: Page | 2 1. To find [H+] in the solution with pH of 13, you can use the formula : pH + pOH = 14 A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Omar Ali Al-Khashman. Water Chemistry. We recommed that you make it your habit to always make a 10% dilution even when you want to measure the pH of a product such as a tonic or micellar water. 1) I need to calculate the amount of NaOH (pH = 13.0) needed to raise the pH of a 3402 m3/minute wastewater flow from a pH of 4.3 to: a) a pH of 6.0 This will give you the volume of NaOH that needs to be added to your waste water each minute. Potassium can be substituted for sodium, but potassium is more expensive. For water … Potassium hydroxide is a white, odorless solid that is often packaged in bags in shells or pellets. p H 1 = 7.00 p O H 1 = 7 p H 2 = 12.42 p O H 2 = 1.58. so [ O H X −] 1 = 10 − 7 and [ O H X −] 2 = 10 − 1.58. As with lime, magnesium hydroxide is also much more difficult to handle than caustic (NaOH). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. … Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! The calculator does automatic interpolation calculation for density or concentration values that are between those in the table. Hot Sale Professional Lower Price how much sodium hydroxide to raise ph of water for, US $ 350 - 400 / Metric Ton, Calcium Hydroxide, 1310-73-2, Sodium Hydroxide.Source from Henan Eshine Chemicals Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. Commercial grade hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid), boric acid, sodium bisulfate (dry acid), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are most often used to lower the pH of pool water. Injection systems are a point-of-entry system. The … To get pH 8.4 in 17,000 litres you use 17,000 x 10(–5.5)/18.9375 litres of 18.9375 M NaOH = 0.00284 litres Raising pH with sodium hydroxide. Use 12 ounces (340 g) of soda ash for every 10,000 gallons (38,000 L) in your pool to raise the pH by 0.4. 7.2 This is a table of density (kg/L) and the corresponding concentration (% weight) of Sodium Hydroxide in water at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade. Vinegar (acetic acid) The pH in well water is from minerals leached out of the surroundings. raise the pH of soil and water to act as an activator of sodium persulfate. So remember that you have choices in adjusting pH and buffering the system. Lesions in the esophagus were found in 93 patients. Thanks! It takes about 6 ounces for every .2 pH points you need to raise 10,000 gallons of water. 28th Jan, 2019. Denver Water has been and continues using sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, to raise the pH of the water. If the number is below 7, the water is considered acidic and too high is regarded as ‘basic’ meaning it contains base elements according to the pH … 10,000 gallons. I've heard sodium hydroxide (food grade) might be usable, but I have no experience with it and haven't found much about it with regard to mashing wort. HOWEVER, It's far more trickier [working with, storage & handling], to use than Soda Ash, [Sodium Carbonate] so proceed with extreme-extreme caution. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is similar to baking soda and can be used when your pool’s pH levels are low. Note: The information below assumes a total alkalinity between 60-120 ppm. Sodium hydroxide, lye, and caustic soda all refer to the same compound, NaOH, which is comprised of 3 single atoms: sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen. Opt-in alpha test for a new Stacks editor, Visual design changes to the review queues. High-pH water treatment: Citric acid. Commercial grade hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid), boric acid, sodium bisulfate (dry acid), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are most often used to lower the pH of pool water. I've also heard that calcium hydroxide (used for pickling) is an option. 7.2. Sodium bisulfate is an acid salt formed by partial neutralization of sulfuric acid by an equivalent of sodium base, typically either in the form of sodium hydroxide or sodium chloride. Water with high alkalinity always has a pH value of 7 or more, but water with high pH still does not have high alkalinity. $$\pu{pH}_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =-\log[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})}=4.5$$ 09129.01, 19 February 2010 H:\2009\09129_NaOH-BTS\Ph_1\reports\NaOH Practicality Study.doc 1.2 Sodium Hydroxide Treatment During shipboard tests, sodium hydroxide (NaOH, caustic soda) would be used to raise the pH of the ballast water to 12.0. Actual pH. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Did Douglas Adams say "I always thought something was fundamentally wrong with the universe."? Using some simple supplies, you can make homemade NaOH for use in the lab, or just to impress your colleagues and students. 1 1/4 lbs. 5 Recommendations. Viewed 28k times 2 $\begingroup$ What volume of $\pu{0.300N}\, \ce{NaOH}$ would be needed to bring $\pu{16.0 mL}$ of distilled water that has a $\mathrm{pH}$ of $7.00$ to a new $\mathrm{pH}$ of $12.42$? 6 lbs. MSDS - See attached file 4. Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is the most common chemical used to raise pH and total alkalinity in pools. How to control the pH of a swimming pool? How to calculate the heat released when sodium hydroxide is dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution? The calculator does automatic interpolation calculation for density or concentration values that are between those in the table. The table was taken from the chemical engineering handbook. $$\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)} = \pu{100ml}=\pu{0.1L}$$ Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is the most common chemical used to raise pH and total alkalinity in pools. 6 lbs. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Also known simply as caustic, is the most widely used alkaline neutralizing chemical in use in industry today. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 30, 2020 5:58:47 AM ET. Caustic Soda or Sodium Hydroxide is available from water treatment/chemical stores. How to Produce an Adjustable-Size Opening or Closing Curly Brace for Plain Text Only. Unlike neutralizing filters, they do not cause hardness problems in treated water. Here are some helpful facts about Soda Ash injection: Page | 2 1. BE CAREFUL WITH THIS SOLUTION: IT HAS A pH ABOVE 14. This is a table of density (kg/L) and the corresponding concentration (% weight) of Sodium Hydroxide in water at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade. Actual pH. Sodium Hydroxide Practicality Study, Rev. $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-3.7} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-4.7} \mathrm {mol}$$ For water less than pH 6, chemical-feed pumps inject a neutralizing solution of soda ash (sodium carbonate) or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) into the well. — 2 File No. The pH in well water is determined by the dissolved salts and minerals it contains. 3 3/4 lbs. To measure a volume this small (if anybody were to actually perform that) would be quite a challenge. Using a pH indicator strip will tell you that NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a strong alkaline. To raise pH, sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), and sodium sesquicarbonate are recommended. To get pH 8.4 in 17,000 litres you use 17,000 x 10(–5.5) litres of 1 M NaOH. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Potassium hydroxide is an approved chemical with a concentration of 50% or less for multiprocessed reservoir systems. rev 2021.2.17.38595, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Chemistry Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us, $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-3.7} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-4.7} \mathrm {mol}$$, $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.5} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-5.5} \mathrm {mol}$$, $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.7}-10^{-5.5}= n(\ce{OH-})$$, $$v(\ce{OH-})=\frac {10^{-4.7}-10^{-5.5}}{10}= 1.68\times10^{-6}\mathrm{L}=1.68\,\mu \mathrm{L} $$. Pool water ideally should be between a pH of 7.4 and 7.6 and should not fall outside the range of 7.2 to 7.8. 1 1/4 lbs. Sodium Hydroxide Practicality Study, Rev. $$\pu{pH}_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =-\log[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})}=3.7$$, $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-3.7}}~M}= [\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}$$, $$\pu{pH}_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =-\log[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})}=4.5$$, $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-4.5}}~M}$$, $$\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)} = \pu{100ml}=\pu{0.1L}$$, $$\color{red}{ [\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\frac{\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)}\times[\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times[\ce{NaOH}]}{\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)}+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}}$$, $$1\times{10^{-4.5}} =\frac{0.1\times{10^{-3.7}}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times{10}}{0.1+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}$$, $$\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}=\pu{1.679\times{10^{-6}}~L}$$. How much $\ce{NaOH}$ do you need to … Assuming the volume of a droplet to be about 60 micro liter, it is much less than a droplet! You can just do a quick pH test. 7 1/2 lbs. If malware does not run in a VM why not make everything a VM? A woman who lives in the proposed test area for adding sodium hydroxide to drinking water in Thunder Bay, Ont., says she is against the move.. It doesn’t do anybody any good. 50,000 gallons. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Calcium hydroxide is a strong base and as such it dissociates into calcium and hydroxide regardless of the water pH when it dissolves in water: Ca(OH) 2 → Ca 2+ + 2 OH-The resulting hydroxide ions (OH-) want to raise the pH of the solution and in pure water will be able to that very effectively. Using liquid chlorine raises the pH of the water. 2 lbs. You have a solution of $10\ \mathrm M$ $\ce{NaOH}$. If it falls below 7, the water may cause eye irritation in swimmers. 0.926 lbs. If your total alkalinity is outside of the 60-120 ppm range, "fix" your T.A. For example, let’s say the pH in your pool measured 7.0 and you have a 20,000 gallon pool. Alternatively, waste brine from desalination can be used to create sodium hydroxide, via appropriate concentration and purification pretreatment … What else can I use to raise the pH? The ratio of NaOH to water will need to be about 0.001 moles of NaOH to 1 liter of water. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and sodium hydroxide raise the pH of water to near neutral when injected into a water system. Water, H 2 O (about 20%) Sodium hydroxide, NaOH (about 3%) Potassium hydroxide, KOH (about 1%). To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. To lower pH acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can be used. To bring down pH, use a made-for-pools chemical additive called pH … A newer technology is to use carbon dioxide to adjust pH without the chance to over shoot your target. You want the solution to be of pH 4.5. Sodium hydroxide is easy to handle, inexpensive, and very effective for the neutralization of strong or weak acids. A solution of NaOH with a concentration of 0.001 mol/L has a pOH of about 3 since NaOH almost completely dissociates into its constituent ions in aqueous solution. I appreciate to provide me feedback about the downvote in order to improve my answer. The Deep End... S. skinpath. This means it has a pH toward the top end of the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14. It's also caustic and somewhat dangerous to handle from what I hear. Gold Supporter. Where can I find information about the characters named in official D&D 5e books? The ratio of NaOH to water will need to be about 0.001 moles of NaOH to 1 liter of water. Mix the calcium hydroxide with purified water, either RO water or distilled, before adding it. 2 1/4 lbs. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and sodium hydroxide raise the pH of water to near neutral when injected into a water system. This strong alkaline compound is used sparingly in baking due its dominate properties. is it safe to compress backups for databases with TDE enabled? Caustic Soda or Sodium Hydroxide is available from water treatment/chemical stores. First, calculate the moles of H+ in 3402 m3 of water that has pH 4.3. pH = 4.3 [H+] = 5.0 x 10-5 mol/L Ask Question Asked 5 years, 11 months ago. 13 = -log [OH-] → [OH-] = antilog -13 = 10^-13 M or 10^-13 x 40 g/L = 4 x 10^-12 g/L. 3 lbs. NaOH is available in concentrations of up to 50%, which is the most commonly used concentration. HOWEVER, It's far more trickier [working with, storage & handling], to use than Soda Ash, [Sodium Carbonate] so proceed with extreme-extreme caution. In effect, any value within … To calculate the exact pH, work out the molarity of the solution, then apply that to the formula for pH. Thread starter skinpath; Start date Aug 7, 2019; Forums. A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.7}-10^{-5.5}= n(\ce{OH-})$$ To increase the pH of the solution from 1 to 13, then you have to add some amount of NaOH. Aeration takes a long time and with the size of my pool it doesn't really work well. Like i said i was just testing to see how much to use really. No steroids were administered to the patients involved. Sodium hydroxide is lye - caustic soda, and has the same disadvantage as baking soda - leaving behind sodium anions, as well as being a strong base, so careful handling is required. The liquid will be in a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide and this A 100 ml $\ce{HCl}$ solution has a pH of $3.7$. Case Studies - See attached files 6. If an investor does not need an income stream, do dividend stocks have advantages over non-dividend stocks? The pOH of a solution at room temperature is given by the concentration of hydroxide ions, or OH- ions, in the solution. Your N a O H solution is 0.3 M so you'll bring 0.3 × 10 − 3 m o l each m L. Then, the resulting concentration will be. Why would patient management systems not assert limits for certain biometric data? The thing is, it raised the ph from 7.2 to 8.5 and then would'nt go up any more when i added more BS. First, calculate the moles of H+ in 3402 m3 of water that has pH 4.3. pH = 4.3 [H+] = 5.0 x 10-5 mol/L This will be hard to do, but you must. How to find the pH of acetic acid after adding sodium hydroxide? For water less than pH 6, chemical-feed pumps inject a neutralizing solution of soda ash (sodium carbonate) or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) into the well. 1 1/2 lbs. $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.5} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-5.5} \mathrm {mol}$$, The difference represents the amount of substance of hydronium ions that have reacted with hydroxide ions. Pieces of metal and parts of the pump may corrode over time. Since the molar mass of NaOH is 39.9971 grams per mole, this is equivalent to 0.0399971 grams of NaOH, or about 0.04 grams. To get pH 8.4 in 1 litre you use 10(–5.5) litres of 1 M NaOH. 3/4 lb. It takes about 6 ounces for every .2 pH points you need to raise 10,000 gallons of water. NaOH is often used to teach about pH in high schools and it can neutralize HCl. To Add: Fill a clean bucket with water. This means that even in a poorly designed system mag will not raise the pH above a pH of 7.0, rendering this chemical safe to … Add a few drops at a time, then test the calcium ion levels and pH about an hour later to make sure you've achieved the desired result. $$\color{red}{ [\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\frac{\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)}\times[\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times[\ce{NaOH}]}{\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)}+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}}$$ 6.8. Community Answer . One person who ingested 10 g sodium hydroxide in water suffered transmural necrosis of the esophagus and stomach and died 3 days after admission to the hospital. A corrosion-resistant chemical feed pump injects soda ash or sodium hydroxide solution into the water to raise the pH.
Vadivelu Stickers Images, Mobile Homes For Sale Near Quarryville, Pa, Frigidaire Refrigerator Water Dispenser Not Working But Ice Maker Is, Zwilling Pro Vs Pro S, Miraculous Ladybug Fanfiction The Floor Is Lava, Software Engineers Shall Act Consistently With The Public Interest,
Recent Comments