Perhaps the river's most famous fauna, however, is the Nile crocodile. 3. That's promising, although there are still a lot of details for the countries to work out. The fact that the Nile crocodile lives in proximity to humans through much of its habitat means human-croc interactions are quite common. An apex predator and a generalist, the Nile crocodile does not shy away from attacking a human for a meal. They can be found in the central African countries of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Here are a few reasons why this river is so influential — and interesting. Crocodiles in large iron cages can be seen in the village homes. Thus, they have received the infamous tag of the most aggressive crocodilian. These are the plants that ancient Egyptians famously used to make paper (and from which the English word "paper" is derived) as well as cloths, cords, mats, sails and other materials. That was a "breakthrough" in the long-running dispute, according to Egypt Today, and the three countries are now holding follow-up talks in hopes of finally solidifying a "comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable agreement.". Their study wasn't published, though, and as LiveScience points out, many scientists are skeptical about its methods. There is some debate over the Nile's age, but in late 2019, a team of researchers reported that Nile drainage has been stable for about 30 million years — or five times longer than previously thought. As such, the Nile River Valley is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, boasting an average of 3,820 people per square mile [source: National Geographic ]. In one popular myth, the god Osiris is betrayed by his jealous brother Set, who tricks him into lying down in a sarcophagus, pretending it's a gift. A view of the Nile in Cairo's southern suburb of Kozzika. People have left their mark along the Nile for millennia, but the dynamic has changed a bit lately. The species was named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1807, who discovered differences between the skulls of a mummified crocodile and those of Nile crocodile (C. niloticus). This fed the river's mystique, and it's why classical Greek and Roman art sometimes portrayed it as a god with a hidden face. A view of the Aswan High Dam, captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station. Is Hydropower Really a Clean Power Source? It goes through 11 countries — Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt — and drains 3.3 million square kilometers (1.3 million miles), or about 10% of the African continent. This contrast is visible from space, where a long, green oasis can be seen hugging the river amid the bleakly tan landscape around it. It becomes a sprawling swamp in the Sudanese plains during the rainy season, especially the legendary Sudd in South Sudan, which spans nearly 260,000 square km (100,000 square miles). The Nile has three main tributaries: the White Nile, Blue Nile and Atbara. "During this period of fill, the Nile's fresh water flow to Egypt may be cut by 25%, with a loss of a third of the electricity generated by the Aswan High Dam," researchers reported in GSA Today, a journal published by the Geological Society of America. This species of crocodile is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa where it inhabits a wide variety of habitats like rivers, lakes, and marshes. One big shift came in 1970 with completion of the Aswan High Dam, which impounds the river in southern Egypt to create a reservoir called Lake Nasser. The White Nile begins even before Lake Victoria, although not everyone agrees where. A complex and distinct culture quickly developed, and for nearly 3,000 years, Egypt would remain the preeminent nation in the Mediterranean world, fueled by water and fertile land it received as gifts from the Nile. Learn some fascinating facts about these Nile crocodiles in this article. Read such a story about Gangaram, India's 130-year old crocodile, who won thousands of hearts in this article here. Both Ethiopia and Sudan have proposed more Nile dams, it notes, and with some 400 million people living in countries along the Nile — many of whom already experience droughts and energy shortages — there's a good chance even more water will need to remain upriver in coming years. The Nile is widely considered Earth's longest river, but that title isn't as simple as it sounds. European explorers had only recently found Lake Victoria, and after Livingstone's death in 1873, Stanley was one of many who helped confirm its link to the Nile, along with the prolific East African guide and explorer Sidi Mubarak Bombay. Ancient Egyptians revered the Nile as their source of life, but it was inevitably shrouded in mystery. Many homes in such villages keep Nile crocodiles as pets. Juvenile crocodiles are captured and encaged by the village folk. The Nile was seen as a gateway to the afterlife, with the eastern side representing life and the western side considered the land of the dead. We now know, however, that despite being one river in Egypt, the Nile is fed by much rainier places to the south, and its hydrology is driven by at least two "hydraulic regimes" upstream. As with its plant life, the animals living in and around the Nile are far too numerous to adequately list here. Permanent human settlements first appeared on the Nile's banks around 6000 BCE, according to the nonprofit Ancient History Encyclopedia (AHE), and by 3150 BCE, those settlements had become "the world's first recognizable nation state." Unlike most other predators like tigers, leopards, and American crocodiles, Nile crocodiles appear not to think twice before nabbing a human being. The Nile River nurtures a long, narrow oasis through the Sahara. Known as the "Great Bend," this is one of several features caused by a huge underground rock formation called the Nubian Swell. It takes a strange detour in the desert. Russell McLendon is a science journalist who covers a wide range of topics about the natural environment, humans, and other wildlife. While Egyptians worshipped crocodiles in the ancient times, people in India continue to worship crocodiles even today. Carvings of the Nile crocodile is common in ancient Egyptian tombs and temple complexes. It goes on like this for about 300 km (186 miles), as if it's heading back to Central Africa instead of Egypt. The Nile is still generally credited as the world's longest river, by sources from the United Nations to the Guinness Book of World Records, although the Amazon also boasts plenty of superlatives, including the world's largest river by volume, since it holds about 20% of Earth's freshwater. The Nile crocodile is not just found in the Nile River but throughout much of Africa. Egypt was eventually conquered and eclipsed by other empires, yet despite its decline, it still thrives with help from the Nile. However, humans also have not been … ... Perhaps nowhere is the relationship between people and the river so intense as in the Nile floodplain. The black silt that tamed the Sahara, for example, is now largely impounded behind the dam, accumulating in the reservoir and canals instead of flowing north. The search still hadn't ended, however. While most reptiles move on after laying eggs, Nile crocodile parents, both mother and father, savagely protect their nests until the eggs hatch. Isis still tracks down every piece of Osiris — all except for his penis, which had been eaten by a Nile crocodile. Compared to the Nile Crocodile, the West African Crocodile is smaller: Adults are typically 1.5–2.5 m (5–8 ft) long, and maximum is perhaps 3–4 m (10–13 ft). (Photo: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/NASA/GSFC). The Real Meaning of the 'Dog Days of Summer', 13 Natural Rock Formations That Look Man-Made, 13 of the Most Bizarre Lakes in the World, according to the nonprofit Ancient History Encyclopedia, has been stable for about 30 million years. (Photo: Rod Waddington [CC BY-SA 2.0]/Flickr), 9 of the World's Most Majestic Rivers in Peril, 15 Awe-Inspiring National Forests in the United States. That's why crocodiles were associated with the god of fertility, Sobek, the AHE explains, and this event was seen as the catalyst that made the Nile so fertile. In recent years, crocodile researchers in Florida found a reason to worry. In each of these places they keep one crocodile in particular, who is taught to be tame and tractable. The Nile crocodile was much feared in ancient Egypt and was responsible for the death of many humans. Despite maintaining its path for millions of years, and despite all it has already seen from our species in the last few millennia, it now faces unprecedented pressure from human activities all along its route. It would be for centuries, too, as expeditions repeatedly failed to find its source, with Egyptians, Greeks and Romans often foiled by a region called the Sudd (in what's now South Sudan), where the Nile forms a vast swamp. 8. The Nile is one of the most famous rivers anywhere on our planet, and rightfully so. The world's largest frog, the goliath frog (also called the goliath bullfrog) lives in Africa. Silt used to enrich and expand the Nile Delta over time, but it's now shrinking due to erosion along the Mediterranean coast, according to National Geographic. A Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) or an estuarine (or saltwater) crocodile (C. porosus) 6 metres (about 20 feet) long may live as long as 80 years. Aside from just measuring, it also depends on how we decide where each begins and ends, which can be tricky in big, complex river systems. For the first time in history, this gave humans control over the Nile's life-giving floods. So grab your passport, suncream and shades, and check out our fascinating Nile river facts…. The reverence for Nile crocodiles was particularly strong in the ancient city of Shedet (now called Faiyum), located in the river's Faiyum Oasis south of Cairo. The Lower Nile historically flooded in summer, which mystified early Egyptians, especially since it almost never rained where they lived. Like the present-day Nubians, some ancient Egyptians also kept crocodiles. Along with the nearby Atbara, its water comes from the highlands of Ethiopia, where monsoon patterns cause both rivers to shift between a summer torrent and winter trickle. The dam has also led to a gradual decline in the fertility and productivity of riverside farmland, Britannica adds, noting that "Egypt's annual application of about 1 million tons of artificial fertilizers is an inadequate substitute for the 40 million tons of silt formerly deposited annually by the Nile flood." The Nile crocodile or Crocodylus niloticus, famous for its integral association with Ancient Egyptian culture, and feared for its highly aggressive disposition, is a crocodilian found in freshwater habitats in 26 African countries. 7. It finally becomes just "the Nile" near Khartoum, Sudan, where it meets the Blue Nile. Formed by tectonic uplift over millions of years, it forced this dramatic curve and formed the cataracts of the Nile. These inhabit most parts of the river, according to Encyclopedia Britannica, and are one of the largest crocodilian species on Earth, growing up to 6 meters (20 feet) long. The Nile crocodiles are unusual in that they are caring parents. On average, the life span of alligators and caimans is thought to be between 30 and about 60 years, whereas the true crocodiles are thought to live 50 to 75 years. It is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, occurring mostly in the central, eastern, and southern regions … Due to this story, the AHE adds, anyone eaten by a crocodile in ancient Egypt "was considered fortunate in a happy death.". The historic range of the species was, however, wider and stretched as far as Israel and Syria across the Red Sea. The Nile crocodile or Crocodylus niloticus, famous for its integral association with Ancient Egyptian culture, and feared for its highly aggressive disposition, is a crocodilian found in freshwater habitats in 26 African countries. Located on the Blue Nile, the $5 billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) has been under construction since 2011, and is expected to generate 6.45 gigawatts once it's fully operational in 2022. Nile crocodiles were captured in South Florida far away from their native habitat in Africa. Set intervenes, though, stealing Osiris' body, chopping it into pieces and scattering them across Egypt. Osiris' body is eventually found by his wife, Isis, who retrieves him and tries to bring him back to life. The saltwater crocodile is the only other crocodilian that can give it some competition. Those who live near Thebes, and those who dwell around Lake Moeris, regard them with especial veneration. They were highly pampered and when they died, they were embalmed, mummified, and then buried in sacred tombs. It continues north as the Albert Nile (Mobutu), later becoming the Mountain Nile (Bahr al Jabal) in South Sudan, and joins the Gazelle River (Bahr el Ghazal), after which it's called the White Nile (Bahr al Abyad). A Nile crocodile (Leigh Bedford /Wikimedia Commons) Crocodiles have a lifespan ranging from 70 to 100 years; however, their size can vary due to the number of species there are . All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, 8 Interesting Facts About The Nile Crocodile. Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Scientists tend to go by the longest continuous channel in a system, but that may still leave room for ambiguity. Potomac River Named as America’s Most Endangered River of 2012, 10 Things Massive Enough to Be Seen From Space, 7 Deserts That Used to Be Verdant Fields and Forests, The 14 Most Amazing Waterfalls in the World, 30 of the Most Beautiful Places in the World. When one Petsuchos died, a new crocodile filled the role. There are its many fish, for instance, including Nile perch as well as barbels, catfish, eels, elephant-snout fish, lungfish, tilapia and tigerfish. Possibly, they escaped captive facilities that kept these exotic crocodiles as pets. What Is The Difference Between A Crocodile And An Alligator. A view of Tis Abay, or Blue Nile Falls, in Ethiopia. That's because of a stable topographic gradient along the river's path, the researchers explain, which apparently held steady for so long due to currents circulating in the mantle, the layer of hot rock under Earth's crust. There are also soft-shelled turtles, cobras, black mambas, water snakes and three species of monitor lizards, which reportedly average 1.8 meters (6 feet) in length. Around Half of Egypt’s Population of 80 million People Live in the Nile Delta Area The largest city in this area is Alexandria, which has a population of over 4 million. (Photo: Eduardo Soteras/AFP/Getty Images). 1) Found in northeast Africa, the Nile has long been recognised as the longest river in the world – stretching a massive 6,695km! Africa is home to the worlds largest reptile, the Nile crocodile. Although strong evidence is absent, estimates suggest that about 200 people die every year in the jaws of this fierce predator. That could make a huge difference for Ethiopia, where about 75% of people lack access to electricity, and selling excess electricity to nearby countries could reportedly bring the country $1 billion per year. Osiris couldn't come back to life without his whole body, according to the AHE, so he instead became god of the dead and lord of the underworld. It's hard to overstate the Nile's importance to people and wildlife throughout its basin. The White Nile may be longer and steadier, but the Blue Nile supplies nearly 60% of the water that reaches Egypt each year, mostly during summer. The pyramids at Giza near the banks of the Nile, pictured here circa 1900. All this would've been nearly impossible in this desert without the Nile, and considering the role Egypt has played in the rise of civilization, the Nile has influenced human history in a way few rivers have. Humans are just one of many species who rely on the Nile, which flows through (and influences) a variety of ecosystems along its course. The Nyabarongo is also fed by the Mbirurume and Mwogo rivers, which arise from Rwanda's Nyungwe Forest, and some cite this as the farthest source of the Nile. And based on what the Nile can reveal about the mantle below, this might help scientists use it and other rivers as "windows into the underworld," as Gizmodo put it, potentially shedding new light on the inner workings of our planet. The Sahara is the largest hot desert on Earth, smaller only than our two polar deserts, and it's no small feat to change it this way. Learn more about your favorite areas of science with us. An apex predator and a generalist, the Nile crocodile does not shy away from attacking a human for a meal. Filling the reservoir could take anywhere from five to 15 years. If they were multiplying, it would mean that the waters in Florida could turn dangerous for humans. In other words, if you traveled along the Nile during the Oligocene Epoch, its course would be eerily similar to the route we know today. Recently, reports about poaching of the Nile crocodile have surfaced in some parts of their range, especially Lake Nasser of Egypt. It may be a window to the real underworld. The sun sets over the White Nile in Uganda. The Nile is only slightly longer than the Amazon River, for example, and in 2007 a team of Brazilian scientists announced they had remeasured the Amazon and found it to be 6,800 km (4,225 miles) long, thus dethroning the Nile. (Photo: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center). Perhaps the river's most famous fauna, however, is the Nile crocodile. Madagascar hosts some isolated populations of the species. Ancient Egyptians knew the Nile as Ḥ'pī or Iteru, meaning simply "river," but it was also called Ar or Aur, meaning "black," in honor of its life-giving mud. A sign proclaims the farthest source of the Nile in Rwanda's Nyungwe rainforest. What Was The Largest Crocodile Ever Recorded? And since it also teems with relics of its heyday, like elaborate pyramids and well-preserved mummies, it continues to reveal ancient secrets and capture modern imaginations. The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is a large crocodilian native to freshwater habitats in Africa, where it is present in 26 countries.Due to its widespread occurrence and stable population trend, it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 1996. However, humans also have not been kind to these crocodiles and poaching of the species is decimating their populations. 7. Offshore from the delta, fish populations have reportedly declined due to loss of nutrients once delivered by Nile silt. It emerges as the Victoria Nile, then traverses swampy Lake Kyoga and Murchison (Kabalega) Falls before reaching Lake Albert (Mwitanzige). The White Nile is the longest, starting with streams that flow into Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake. Fortunately, no evidence indicating that the population was reproducing was found. In fact, more than 95 percent of Egypt's population lives on the banks of the Nile, despite the fact that the area makes up only 5 percent of Egypt's land mass. (The map at right, a composite of NASA satellite images, spans from Lake Victoria to the Nile Delta.). 4. Like most crocodilians, these animals are cannibalistic with an aggressive disposition towards members of their kind. It offers "enormous benefits to the economy of Egypt," according to Encyclopedia Britannica, since water can now be released where and when it's needed most, and since the dam's 12 turbines can generate 2.1 gigawatts of electricity. While all rivers are important for people and wildlife who live nearby, the Nile looms especially large, both literally and figuratively. The White Nile's source proved much more elusive, though, despite many efforts to find it — including those by Scottish explorer David Livingstone, who was rescued from one mission in 1871 by Welsh journalist Henry Morton Stanley, via the famous quote "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The Nile also supports several large animal species, such as hippopotamuses, which were once common along much of the river, but now mostly inhabit the Sudd and other swampy areas in South Sudan. Set then traps Osiris inside and throws him in the Nile, which carries him away to Byblos. The Nile River, considered the longest river in the world, is approximately 4,258 miles (6,853 kilometers) long, but its exact length is a matter of debate. Closer to the White Nile's headwaters, the river plies biodiverse tropical rainforests teeming with plants like banana trees, bamboo, coffee shrubs and ebony, to name a few. The dam has also changed the Nile in negative ways, however. This true-color image, captured by NASA's Terra satellite, shows the Nile's 'Great Bend' in Sudan. These crocodiles are responsible for the deaths of many people each year. A map of the Nile River with political boundaries. People spent centuries searching for its source. Plus, as the GSA Today study pointed out, the dilemma of how to share dwindling water among fast-growing populations will continue regardless of what happens with these negotiations. They are even known to roll their eggs gently in their mouths to assist the hatchlings to emerge from the shell. One of the most notable Nile plants is papyrus, an aquatic flowering sedge that grows as tall reeds in shallow water. Aside from the underworld of ancient Egyptian mythology, the Nile may also hold secrets about a more literal underworld. These crocs can adapt to a variety of habitats ranging from fast-flowing rivers and lakes to estuaries and swamps, among others. The captured crocodiles are then killed for their hide, meat, or body parts to be used as an aphrodisiac across East Africa. The Museum offers exciting programs, events, and educational resources for learners of all ages. The idea of mantle plumes shaping topography on the surface isn't new, as Eos magazine points out, but the huge scale of the Nile basin could illuminate this relationship like never before. This city was known to the Greeks as "Crocodilopolis," since its residents not only worshipped Sobek, but also honored an earthly manifestation of the god: a living crocodile named "Petsuchos," whom they covered in jewelry and kept in a temple, according to The Guardian. It was also associated with Hathor, a goddess of the sky, women, fertility and love. It was home to a crocodile god and a Crocodile City. "Because the river is so long, it offers a unique opportunity to study these interactions on a landscape-wide scale," one of the study's authors tells Eos. The Nile also brought a secret ingredient: all the sediment it collected along the way, mainly black silt eroded by the Blue Nile and Atbara from basalt in Ethiopia. Humans rely on countless rivers all over the planet, yet if we continually fail them when they're in trouble — even big, iconic rivers like the Nile — we should probably expect the same from them. It reaches mixed woodland and savanna farther north, with sparser trees and more grasses and shrubs. In essence, the Nile's path has been maintained all this time by a plume of mantle that mirrors the river's northward flow, the study suggests. With its main tributaries finally united, it continues north through Sudan for a while, then abruptly turns southwest and starts flowing away from the sea. Several specimens of the latter were captured by researchers but their source of introduction is unknown. But water didn't tame the Sahara alone. Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan have made little progress despite nearly a decade of on-and-off negotiations, although they did reach an initial deal at a January 2020 meeting. If not for relatively recent uplift by the Nubian Swell, "these rocky rivers stretches would have been quickly reduced by the abrasive action of the sediment-laden Nile," according to a geological overview by the University of Texas at Dallas. There is the Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria from Lake Rweru in Burundi, but it too receives water from two other tributaries: the Ruvubu and the Nyabarongo, which flows into Lake Rweru. The Atbara joins in later with 10% of the Nile's total flow, almost all of which arrives between July and October. As it winds into Egypt, the Nile transforms a swath of Sahara desert along its banks. However, they’re not quite as ferocious as they look and their favorite meal is not children but rather Nile crocodile eggs. Once worshipped as deities, these crocs are now subject to cruel poaching practices that noose them with barbed wire traps or entangle them in fishing nets after dazzling them with a spotlight. Although the hatchlings of Nile crocodiles may be killed by African fish eagles or honey badgers, and juveniles be preyed upon by big cats or African rock pythons, the adult Nile crocodiles have no one but members of their species as their biggest enemies. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, pictured here in December 2019, is expected to be Africa's largest hydropower plant once it's fully operational. Sudan also has some older dams along Nile tributaries, like the Blue Nile's Sennar Dam, which opened in 1925, or the Atbara's Khashm el-Girba Dam, which opened in 1964. The female King Cobra is another reptilian that exhibits such protective attitude towards its eggs. This satellite view highlights the contrast between the green vegetation along the Nile and the surrounding Sahara. A thicket of papyrus grows along the Victoria Nile in Uganda. It was thought to embody the god Hapi, who blessed the land with life, as well as Ma'at, who represented the concepts of truth, harmony and balance, according to the AHE. Yet while the river abounds with ancient links to the spiritual underworld of ancient Egypt, modern science suggests it may also serve as a window to a more tangible underworld: the Earth's mantle. Although their habitat has shrunk over the years, these reptiles could be found as far up as the Nile … Nile river facts. But why does it take such a big detour first? Currently, the range of distribution of this species extends from the tributaries of the River Nile to Egypt's Lake Nasser, and Botswana's Okavango Delta to South Africa's Olifants River. They correctly saw it as their source of life, and it played a key role in many of their most important myths. However, although such exotic sights might serve as tourist attractions, the thin line between captivity and cruelty is often crossed. An abundance of birds live along the river, too, and its waters are also a vital resource for many migrating flocks. Those silty floodwaters would surge into Egypt each summer, then dry up and leave behind a miraculous black mud. Nile crocodile - The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is the second largest living reptile in the world after the saltwater crocodile. These may not alter the river quite like the Aswan High Dam, but a project in Ethiopia has raised new fears over water supplies downstream. The Nile Delta, in fact, is "part of one of the world's most important migration routes for birds," according to the WWF. As ancient Egypt grew along the Lower Nile, the river's importance was not lost on its people, who made it a central theme of their society. We’re off on an exciting adventure to northeast Africa to learn about one of the world’s most famous rivers – and you’re coming with us! It was these rains that flooded the Nile each year in Egypt, and because they eroded basalt lavas on their way out of Ethiopia, their water turned out to be especially valuable downstream. Keeping wildlife encaged is a questionable practice. The White Nile flows steadily all year, while the Blue Nile fits most of its work into a few wild months each summer. Vegetation continues to fade as it moves north, finally all but vanishing as the river arrives in the desert. The crocodile is esteemed sacred by some of the Egyptians, by others he is treated as an enemy. After stubbornly pushing north for most of its course, the Nile takes a surprising turn in the midst of the Sahara. The Nile crocodile—four of which have been found in the state's swamps since 2000—are more dangerous than the native crocodiles and alligators, scientists say. The dam will create a reservoir more than double the size of Lake Mead — the largest reservoir in the U.S., held behind the Hoover Dam — and will eventually hold 74 billion cubic feet of water from the Blue Nile, according to Yale Environment 360. Nile crocodiles are the largest freshwater predators in Africa. Are the Mekong River Dams Double-Edged Swords? The Nile crocodile is one of the largest crocodiles on the planet and is found in most parts of the river. The Nile flows north for about 6,650 kilometers (4,132 miles), from the African Great Lakes through the Sahara desert before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. But the ancient Egyptians worshipped the animal as their deity as they both feared and revered them. It's now home to nearly 100 million people — 95% of whom live within a few kilometers of the Nile — making it the third most populous country in Africa. That has stirred anxiety in those countries, both of which are already prone to water shortages, given the scale of the project. Mummified crocodiles are also displayed to tourists. The Milky Way was seen as a celestial mirror of the Nile, for example, and the sun god Ra was believed to drive his ship across it. It once was a common part of the river's native vegetation, and while it still grows naturally in Egypt, it's reportedly less common in the wild today. Nile monitors are the second largest reptile in the Nile next to the Nile crocodile, growing as long as 2.1 m and as large as 15 kg.
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